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Chip damage and protective measures.
The various steel parts processed on the lathe have good toughness, and the chips generated during turning are rich in plastic curl and the edges are sharp. When cutting steel parts at high speed, red hot and long chips will be formed, which will easily injure people and often wrap around the workpiece, turning tool and tool holder. Therefore, it is necessary to clean or break the iron hook in time. It should be stopped when it is parked, but it must not be removed or broken by hand. In order to prevent chip damage, it is often used to reduce chip breaking, control chip flow direction measures and add various protective baffles. The chip breaking measure is to grind the chip breaker or step on the turning tool; using a suitable chip breaker, a mechanical clamping tool is used.
Loading of the workpiece.
In the process of turning machining, there are many accidents that damage the machine tool, break or crash the tool due to improper loading of the workpiece, and the workpiece falls or flies out. Therefore, in order to ensure the safe production of turning, special care must be taken when loading the workpiece. For the parts of different sizes and shapes, the appropriate fixtures should be used. The connection of the three-jaw, four-jaw chuck or special fixture and the spindle must be stable and reliable. The workpiece should be stuck and clamped, and the large workpiece can be clamped with a sleeve to ensure that the workpiece rotates at high speed and the force is not displaced, does not fall off and does not fall out. If necessary, it can be reinforced with a top, a center frame, etc. Remove the hand immediately after clamping.
Safe operation.
Before the work, check the machine tool thoroughly and confirm that it is good. The loading of the workpiece and the tool ensures that the position is correct, firm and reliable. During the machining process, the tool must be stopped when changing tools, loading and unloading workpieces, and measuring workpieces. Do not touch or wipe with a cotton thread while the workpiece is rotating. To properly select the cutting speed, feed rate and depth of effort, no overload processing is allowed. No workpieces, work tools and other debris shall be placed on the bed, knife holder and bed. When using the file, move the turning tool to a safe position with the right hand in front and the left hand in the back to prevent the sleeve from getting caught. The machine tool must have a person responsible for use and maintenance, and other personnel must not use it.
2. The turning method is characterized by the rotation of the workpiece to form the main cutting motion. Therefore, the surface formed after turning is mainly the rotating surface, and the end surface of the workpiece can also be processed.
The main cutting motion of milling is the rotary motion of the tool. The workpiece itself does not move, but the clamping motion is completed on the machined work Ma Daha.
When planing, the reciprocating linear motion of the tool is the main motion of the cutting.
When drilling, the rotary motion of the drill bit is the main cutting motion.
When boring, the boring tool is basically the same as the turning tool. The difference is that the boring tool rotates with the boring bar to form the main cutting motion, and the workpiece does not move.
Grinding the workpiece with a grinding wheel or other abrasive tool. The main motion is the rotating motion of the quarrel.
The reaming is performed on the basis of the original hole by using a drill bit larger than the hole for secondary or multiple drilling, so that the hole is further enlarged, and is used for multiple drilling of the large hole or the blank hole.
The reaming is performed by using a reamer on the basis of a small allowance of the drill hole or the boring hole. The reaming hole is characterized by high precision and good finish.
The broaching did not find a precise explanation, so I won't say it. But knowing what the broach is, the broach is a multi-tooth cutter with high machining accuracy and cutting efficiency, which can process various inner and outer surfaces.
3, parts turning process shaft parts turning process In order to carry out scientific management, in the production process, the contents of a reasonable process are often written into documents to guide production. Such a process document specifying the manufacturing process and operation method of a product or component is called a process specification. A part can be made in several different processing methods, but under certain conditions only one method is more reasonable. The processing route of general spindle parts is - blanking -> forging -> annealing (normalizing) -> roughing -> quenching -> semi-finishing -> quenching -> rough grinding -> low temperature aging -> fine grinding . For example, the drive shaft shown in Figure 6-46 consists of an outer circle, a shoulder, a thread and a thread relief groove, and a grinding wheel overtravel groove. The outer first circle and the shoulder end have higher positional accuracy requirements for the journals at both ends, and the outer surface has a surface roughness Ra of 0.8 to 0.4 μm. In addition, the transmission shaft and the generally important shaft type Like parts, in order to obtain good overall mechanical properties, quenching and tempering is required. In the shaft parts, round steel is used as the blank for the optical axis or the step shaft with little difference in diameter; for the step shaft with different diameter difference, the forging can save material and reduce machining time. Since the diameter of each outer diameter of the shaft is not large, and the number is two, the round steel of φ55 can be selected as the blank. Figure 6-46 The drive shaft can be determined according to the accuracy requirements and mechanical performance requirements of the drive shaft. The machining sequence can be determined as follows - roughing - quenching and tempering, half finishing, one grinding, more machining allowance due to roughing, larger cutting force, and coarse When the position of the machined surface is low, the position of the workpiece is low. Therefore, the workpiece is mounted by a clip. If the spindle hole on the lathe is small, the φ45 outer circle of the rough car can be clamped only by the three-claw self-centering chuck when the rough car is at the end of the φ35; the semi-finished car is used to ensure the positional accuracy of each machining surface, and Grinding adopts a uniform positioning reference to reduce the repeated positioning error and make the grinding allowance uniform. To ensure the quality of the grinding process, the workpiece is mounted on two tops. The process of the drive shaft is shown in Table 6-3. Table 6-3 Drive shaft machining process serial number processing sketch diagram processing content tool or tool installation method
4, one, the outer surface of the turning processing (a) processing method
1. Rough turning is the most cost-effective method for roughing rough. Since the purpose of roughing is mainly to quickly remove excess metal from the blank, increasing productivity is its main task.
Rough cars typically use the largest amount of back-feeding and feed to increase productivity. In order to ensure the necessary tool life, the cutting speed is usually low. When roughing, the turning tool should select a larger lead angle to reduce the back force and prevent the bending deformation and vibration of the workpiece; select the smaller rake angle, back angle and negative edge angle to enhance the turning tool. The strength of the cutting portion. The machining accuracy that can be achieved by roughing is IT12 to IT11, and the surface roughness Ra is 50 to 12.5 μm.
2. The main task of the finishing car is to ensure the required machining accuracy and surface quality of the parts. The outer surface of the finishing car is generally processed with a small amount of backing knife and feed and a high cutting speed. When machining the outer circumference of large shaft parts, the wide-blade turning tool is often used. When turning the car, the cutter should use a larger rake angle, a back angle and a positive knife inclination to improve the surface quality. The finishing car can be used as a final machining of a higher precision outer circle or as a pre-processing of fine machining. The finishing precision of the finishing car can reach IT8~IT6, and the surface roughness Ra can reach 1.6~0.8μm.
3. The characteristics of the fine car fine car are: the value of the back knife and the feed amount are extremely small, and the cutting speed is as high as 150-2000 m/min. Fine cars are generally processed with super-hard material tools such as cubic boron nitride (CBN) and diamond. The machine tools used must also be high-precision or precision machine tools with high-speed rotation and high rigidity. The precision and surface roughness of the fine car are roughly equivalent to ordinary cylindrical grinding. The machining accuracy can reach above IT6, and the surface roughness Ra can reach 0.4~0.005μm. It is often used for precision machining of non-ferrous metal workpieces with poor grinding workability. For aluminum and aluminum alloy workpieces that easily block the pores of the grinding wheel, fine cars are more effective. When machining large precision outer surfaces, fine cars can replace grinding.
(II) Ways to Improve the Efficiency of Surface Turning in Foreign Countries Turning is the main process for the machining of the outer surface of shafts, sleeves and disc parts, and it is also the process that takes the most time for processing these parts. The main ways to improve the production efficiency of the outer surface turning are:
l) High-speed cutting High-speed cutting is to improve the processing efficiency by increasing the cutting speed. In addition to the high speed of the lathe, the increase in cutting speed is mainly limited by the tool material.
2) Strong cutting with strong cutting is to increase the production efficiency by increasing the cutting area. It is characterized by reforming the cutting edge of the turning tool, and grinding a wiper blade with a minor declination of 0 and a length of 1.2 to 1.5 f at the tip of the tool, which increases the feed amount by several times or even ten times. When cutting under the conditions, the surface roughness Ra of the machined surface can still reach 5 to 2.5 μm. Strong cutting is more efficient than high-speed cutting and is suitable for roughing of shaft parts with better stiffness. When using powerful cutting, the lathe machining system must have sufficient rigidity and power.
3) Multi-knife machining method Multi-knife machining is to increase production efficiency by reducing the length of the tool holder stroke.
(III) Types and Applications of Turning Tools Turning tools are classified into external turning tools, end turning tools, internal hole turning tools, cutting knives, and grooving knives according to their purposes. See Figure 3-4 for the types and uses of commonly used turning tools. Foreign turning tools are used to machine the outer cylindrical surface and the outer conical surface. It is divided into straight and elbow. The elbow turning tool has good versatility and can be used for turning outer circle, end face and chamfering. The external turning tool can be divided into rough turning tool, fine turning knife and wide blade light knife. The sharp arc radius of the sharp turning tool cutter blade is larger, and a smaller residual area can be obtained to reduce the surface roughness; the wide blade light knife is used. For low speed finishing cars; when the outer turning angle of the external turning tool is 90 degrees, it can be used to turn the step shaft and shoulder. End face and slender shaft with low stiffness. The outer turning tool is further divided into a left partial knife and a right partial knife according to the feeding direction.
1. Turning processing is the most widely used in the machine building industry. The number of lathes is large, the number of people is large, the processing range is wide, and the tools and fixtures used are numerous, so the safety technical problems of turning machining appear. Of particular importance, its key tasks are as follows:
June 03, 2020